The eLignin Microbial Database

A curated resource for microbial metabolism of lignin-derived aromatic compounds

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protocatechuic acid

Compound Overview

Name protocatechuic acid
IUPAC Name 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate
Formula C7H6O4
SMILES C1=CC(=C(C=C1C(=O)O)O)O
Carbon Number 7
Molecular Weight 153.11
Polymer Type monomer
Synonyms catechol-4-carboxylic acid
3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid
3,4-DHBA
4,5-dihydroxybenzoate
3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid

Chemical Structure

Chemical structure of protocatechuic acid

Structure from PubChem

External Databases

CAS 99-50-3
PubChem 72
KEGG C00230
ChEBI 36062
Empirical Data

Organisms that can utilize this substrate (45) Empirical

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Organism ▲ ▼ Strain ▲ ▼ Reference ▲ ▼ Comment ▲ ▼
Rhodococcus rhodochrous 116 Karlson et al (1993) -
Cupriavidus pinatubonensis 1245 Sato et al (2006) -
Phialophora mutabilis 203-E-15-y-l Eriksson et al (1984) -
Amycolatopsis sp. 75iv2 (ATCC 39116) Davis et al (2012), Pometto III et al (1981) -
Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) M600 Davis et al (2009) -
Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 Fischer et al (2008) -
Pseudomonas fluorescens AN103 Paulsen et al (2005) -
Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032 Qi et al (2007) -
Rhodococcus fascians AY730713 Song (2009) -
Comamonas testosteroni BR6020 Providenti et al (2006) -
Exophiala jeanselmei CBS 658.76 Middelhoven (1993) -
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CBS17 Sampaio (1999) -
Trichosporon cutaneum CBS2466 Middelhoven (1993) -
Candida parapsilosis CBS604 Middelhoven (1993), Gérecová et al (2015) -
Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA001 Harwood et al (1988), Harwood et al (1988), Harwood et al (1988) (anaerobically)
Thauera sp. Cin3,4 Mechichi et al (2005), Mechichi et al (2005) (anaerobically); Reported as: 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus DSM 586 Delneri et al (1995) -
Pseudomonas sp. HR199 Overhage et al (1999) -
Rhodotorula rubra IFO 889 Huang et al (1993) -
Oceanimonas doudoroffii JCM21046T Numata et al (2015) -
Paenibacillus sp. JJ-1b Kasai et al (2009) -
Cupriavidus necator JMP134 Pérez-Pantoja et al (2008) -
Thauera aromatica K172 Mechichi et al (2002) (anaerobically)
Pseudomonas putida KT2440 Jiménez et al (2002) -
Aeromonas sp. L17 Deschamps et al (1980) -
Enterobacter aerogenes L7 Deschamps et al (1980) -
Klebsiella pneumoniae M5a1 Jones et al (1990) -
Candida orthopsilosis MCO457 Gérecová et al (2015) -
Pelobacter acidigallici Ma Gal2 (DSM 2377) Schink et al (1982) (anaerobically)
Acetobacterium woodii NZva16 Bache et al (1981) (anaerobically)
Desulfobacterium catecholicum NZva20 Szewzyk et al (1987) (anaerobically)
Enterobacter cloacae P241 Yoshida et al (2010) -
Pseudomonas putida Perestelo isolate 3 Perestelo et al (1996) -
Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm1021 MacLean et al (2006) -
Achromobacter denitrificans SP1 Benjamin et al (2016) -
Burkholderia cepacia Song isolate 1 Song (2009) -
Pantoea dispersa Song isolate 2 Song (2009) -
Rhodococcus fascians Song isolate 3 Song (2009) -
Flavimonas oryzihabitans Song isolate 4 Song (2009) -
Microbacterium esteraromaticum Song isolate 5 Song (2009) -
Streptomyces viridosporus T7A Davis et al (2013) -
Rhodococcus erythropolis TA421 Chung et al (1994) -
Rhodococcus sp. UKMP-5M Azman (2015) -
Rhodotorula graminis WP1 Durham et al (1984) -
Treponema primitia ZAS-1 Lucey et al (2013) -

Pathways Empirical

Pathway Name Full Name
protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage
beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch
beta-ketoadipate (all branches) beta-ketoadipate (all branches)
vanillin I vanillin I
vanillin II vanillin II
protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage
p-coumaric acid p-coumaric acid
caffeic acid caffeic acid
m-cresol m-cresol
Predicted Relationships Hide predicted
The sections below contain relationships inferred from the empirical data above. They are computationally predicted and have not been independently verified. Learn more about data assumptions →
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Organisms predicted to process protocatechuic acid through a pathway Predicted

For each pathway where protocatechuic acid enters as a reactant, organisms recorded as being able to utilise it but not yet confirmed for that pathway are listed as predicted. Not experimentally verified. What does this mean?

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Organism Strain Inferred via pathway Reference confirming protocatechuic acid utilization
Acetobacterium woodii NZva16 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Bache et al (1981)
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus DSM 586 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Delneri et al (1995)
Aeromonas sp. L17 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Deschamps et al (1980)
Burkholderia cepacia Song isolate 1 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Song (2009)
Candida orthopsilosis MCO457 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Gérecová et al (2015)
Comamonas testosteroni BR6020 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Providenti et al (2006)
Cupriavidus pinatubonensis 1245 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Sato et al (2006)
Desulfobacterium catecholicum NZva20 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Szewzyk et al (1987)
Enterobacter aerogenes L7 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Deschamps et al (1980)
Enterobacter cloacae P241 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Yoshida et al (2010)
Exophiala jeanselmei CBS 658.76 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Middelhoven (1993)
Flavimonas oryzihabitans Song isolate 4 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Song (2009)
Klebsiella pneumoniae M5a1 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Jones et al (1990)
Microbacterium esteraromaticum Song isolate 5 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Song (2009)
Oceanimonas doudoroffii JCM21046T beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Numata et al (2015)
Paenibacillus sp. JJ-1b beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Kasai et al (2009)
Pantoea dispersa Song isolate 2 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Song (2009)
Pelobacter acidigallici Ma Gal2 (DSM 2377) beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Schink et al (1982)
Phialophora mutabilis 203-E-15-y-l beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Eriksson et al (1984)
Pseudomonas putida Perestelo isolate 3 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Perestelo et al (1996)
Pseudomonas sp. HR199 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Overhage et al (1999)
Rhodococcus erythropolis TA421 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Chung et al (1994)
Rhodococcus fascians Song isolate 3 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Song (2009)
Rhodococcus rhodochrous 116 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Karlson et al (1993)
Rhodococcus sp. UKMP-5M beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Azman (2015)
Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA001 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Harwood et al (1988)
Rhodotorula rubra IFO 889 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Huang et al (1993)
Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm1021 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) MacLean et al (2006)
Thauera aromatica K172 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Mechichi et al (2002)
Thauera sp. Cin3,4 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Mechichi et al (2005)
Treponema primitia ZAS-1 beta-ketoadipate (all branches) Lucey et al (2013)
Acetobacterium woodii NZva16 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Bache et al (1981)
Achromobacter denitrificans SP1 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Benjamin et al (2016)
Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Fischer et al (2008)
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus DSM 586 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Delneri et al (1995)
Aeromonas sp. L17 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Deschamps et al (1980)
Amycolatopsis sp. 75iv2 (ATCC 39116) beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Davis et al (2012), Pometto III et al (1981)
Burkholderia cepacia Song isolate 1 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Song (2009)
Candida orthopsilosis MCO457 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Gérecová et al (2015)
Candida parapsilosis CBS604 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Middelhoven (1993), Gérecová et al (2015)
Comamonas testosteroni BR6020 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Providenti et al (2006)
Cupriavidus necator JMP134 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Pérez-Pantoja et al (2008)
Cupriavidus pinatubonensis 1245 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Sato et al (2006)
Desulfobacterium catecholicum NZva20 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Szewzyk et al (1987)
Enterobacter aerogenes L7 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Deschamps et al (1980)
Enterobacter cloacae P241 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Yoshida et al (2010)
Exophiala jeanselmei CBS 658.76 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Middelhoven (1993)
Flavimonas oryzihabitans Song isolate 4 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Song (2009)
Klebsiella pneumoniae M5a1 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Jones et al (1990)
Microbacterium esteraromaticum Song isolate 5 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Song (2009)
Oceanimonas doudoroffii JCM21046T beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Numata et al (2015)
Paenibacillus sp. JJ-1b beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Kasai et al (2009)
Pantoea dispersa Song isolate 2 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Song (2009)
Pelobacter acidigallici Ma Gal2 (DSM 2377) beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Schink et al (1982)
Phialophora mutabilis 203-E-15-y-l beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Eriksson et al (1984)
Pseudomonas fluorescens AN103 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Paulsen et al (2005)
Pseudomonas putida Perestelo isolate 3 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Perestelo et al (1996)
Pseudomonas sp. HR199 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Overhage et al (1999)
Rhodococcus erythropolis TA421 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Chung et al (1994)
Rhodococcus fascians AY730713 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Song (2009)
Rhodococcus fascians Song isolate 3 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Song (2009)
Rhodococcus rhodochrous 116 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Karlson et al (1993)
Rhodococcus sp. UKMP-5M beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Azman (2015)
Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA001 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Harwood et al (1988)
Rhodotorula graminis WP1 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Durham et al (1984)
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CBS17 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Sampaio (1999)
Rhodotorula rubra IFO 889 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Huang et al (1993)
Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) M600 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Davis et al (2009)
Streptomyces viridosporus T7A beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Davis et al (2013)
Thauera aromatica K172 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Mechichi et al (2002)
Thauera sp. Cin3,4 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Mechichi et al (2005)
Treponema primitia ZAS-1 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Lucey et al (2013)
Trichosporon cutaneum CBS2466 beta-ketoadipate: Protocatechuate branch Middelhoven (1993)
Acetobacterium woodii NZva16 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Bache et al (1981)
Achromobacter denitrificans SP1 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Benjamin et al (2016)
Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Fischer et al (2008)
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus DSM 586 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Delneri et al (1995)
Aeromonas sp. L17 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Deschamps et al (1980)
Amycolatopsis sp. 75iv2 (ATCC 39116) protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Davis et al (2012), Pometto III et al (1981)
Burkholderia cepacia Song isolate 1 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Song (2009)
Candida orthopsilosis MCO457 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Gérecová et al (2015)
Candida parapsilosis CBS604 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Middelhoven (1993), Gérecová et al (2015)
Comamonas testosteroni BR6020 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Providenti et al (2006)
Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Qi et al (2007)
Cupriavidus necator JMP134 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Pérez-Pantoja et al (2008)
Cupriavidus pinatubonensis 1245 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Sato et al (2006)
Desulfobacterium catecholicum NZva20 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Szewzyk et al (1987)
Enterobacter aerogenes L7 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Deschamps et al (1980)
Enterobacter cloacae P241 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Yoshida et al (2010)
Exophiala jeanselmei CBS 658.76 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Middelhoven (1993)
Flavimonas oryzihabitans Song isolate 4 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Song (2009)
Klebsiella pneumoniae M5a1 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Jones et al (1990)
Microbacterium esteraromaticum Song isolate 5 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Song (2009)
Oceanimonas doudoroffii JCM21046T protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Numata et al (2015)
Pantoea dispersa Song isolate 2 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Song (2009)
Pelobacter acidigallici Ma Gal2 (DSM 2377) protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Schink et al (1982)
Phialophora mutabilis 203-E-15-y-l protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Eriksson et al (1984)
Pseudomonas fluorescens AN103 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Paulsen et al (2005)
Pseudomonas putida KT2440 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Jiménez et al (2002)
Pseudomonas putida Perestelo isolate 3 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Perestelo et al (1996)
Pseudomonas sp. HR199 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Overhage et al (1999)
Rhodococcus erythropolis TA421 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Chung et al (1994)
Rhodococcus fascians AY730713 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Song (2009)
Rhodococcus fascians Song isolate 3 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Song (2009)
Rhodococcus rhodochrous 116 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Karlson et al (1993)
Rhodococcus sp. UKMP-5M protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Azman (2015)
Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA001 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Harwood et al (1988)
Rhodotorula graminis WP1 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Durham et al (1984)
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CBS17 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Sampaio (1999)
Rhodotorula rubra IFO 889 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Huang et al (1993)
Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm1021 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage MacLean et al (2006)
Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) M600 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Davis et al (2009)
Streptomyces viridosporus T7A protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Davis et al (2013)
Thauera aromatica K172 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Mechichi et al (2002)
Thauera sp. Cin3,4 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Mechichi et al (2005)
Treponema primitia ZAS-1 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Lucey et al (2013)
Trichosporon cutaneum CBS2466 protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage Middelhoven (1993)
Acetobacterium woodii NZva16 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Bache et al (1981)
Achromobacter denitrificans SP1 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Benjamin et al (2016)
Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Fischer et al (2008)
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus DSM 586 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Delneri et al (1995)
Aeromonas sp. L17 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Deschamps et al (1980)
Amycolatopsis sp. 75iv2 (ATCC 39116) protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Davis et al (2012), Pometto III et al (1981)
Burkholderia cepacia Song isolate 1 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Song (2009)
Candida orthopsilosis MCO457 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Gérecová et al (2015)
Candida parapsilosis CBS604 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Middelhoven (1993), Gérecová et al (2015)
Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Qi et al (2007)
Cupriavidus necator JMP134 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Pérez-Pantoja et al (2008)
Cupriavidus pinatubonensis 1245 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Sato et al (2006)
Desulfobacterium catecholicum NZva20 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Szewzyk et al (1987)
Enterobacter aerogenes L7 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Deschamps et al (1980)
Enterobacter cloacae P241 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Yoshida et al (2010)
Exophiala jeanselmei CBS 658.76 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Middelhoven (1993)
Flavimonas oryzihabitans Song isolate 4 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Song (2009)
Klebsiella pneumoniae M5a1 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Jones et al (1990)
Microbacterium esteraromaticum Song isolate 5 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Song (2009)
Oceanimonas doudoroffii JCM21046T protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Numata et al (2015)
Paenibacillus sp. JJ-1b protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Kasai et al (2009)
Pantoea dispersa Song isolate 2 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Song (2009)
Pelobacter acidigallici Ma Gal2 (DSM 2377) protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Schink et al (1982)
Phialophora mutabilis 203-E-15-y-l protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Eriksson et al (1984)
Pseudomonas fluorescens AN103 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Paulsen et al (2005)
Pseudomonas putida KT2440 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Jiménez et al (2002)
Pseudomonas putida Perestelo isolate 3 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Perestelo et al (1996)
Pseudomonas sp. HR199 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Overhage et al (1999)
Rhodococcus erythropolis TA421 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Chung et al (1994)
Rhodococcus fascians AY730713 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Song (2009)
Rhodococcus fascians Song isolate 3 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Song (2009)
Rhodococcus rhodochrous 116 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Karlson et al (1993)
Rhodococcus sp. UKMP-5M protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Azman (2015)
Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA001 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Harwood et al (1988)
Rhodotorula graminis WP1 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Durham et al (1984)
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CBS17 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Sampaio (1999)
Rhodotorula rubra IFO 889 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Huang et al (1993)
Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm1021 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage MacLean et al (2006)
Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) M600 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Davis et al (2009)
Streptomyces viridosporus T7A protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Davis et al (2013)
Thauera aromatica K172 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Mechichi et al (2002)
Thauera sp. Cin3,4 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Mechichi et al (2005)
Treponema primitia ZAS-1 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Lucey et al (2013)
Trichosporon cutaneum CBS2466 protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage Middelhoven (1993)

Reactions involving protocatechuic acid

Reaction Role in Reaction
protocatechuic acid + oxygen → 2-hydroxy-4-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde + H+ substrate
protocatechuic acid + oxygen → 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate + 2H+ substrate
Vanillic acid + tetrahydrofolic acid → protocatechuic acid + 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate product
Vanillic acid + NADH + O2 + H+ → protocatechuic acid + formaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O product
protocatechuic acid + oxygen → (2Z,4Z)-2-hydroxy-5-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde + H+ substrate
4-hydroxybenzoic acid + NADPH + oxygen + H+ → protocatechuic acid + NADP+ + H2O product
3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde + OH- → protocatechuic acid + 2H+ product
3-hydroxybenzoic acid + NADPH + oxygen + H+ → protocatechuic acid + NADP+ + H2O product

Transporters

Transporter Reference
Cg_pcaKp Chaudhry et al (2007)
Pp_pcaKp Nichols et al (1997)
Ab_vanKp D’Argenio et al (1999)
Ab_pcaKp D’Argenio et al (1999)

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